Izinhlobo zokusabela, imihlahlandlela yokuncibilika nezibalo ze-ayoni ezicwengiwe

Amandla amathathu ahambisa ukusabela kwamanzi

Lapho izixazululo ezimbili zixutshwa, ukusabela kwenzeka kuphela uma okuthile kususa ama-ayoni esixazululweni noma kunyakazisa ama-electron. Buza imibuzo emithathu. Ingabe i-cation evela kwesinye isixazululo ne-anion evela kwesinye ikha inhlanganisela enokuncibilika okuncane? Ingabe i-asidi idlulisela i-proton esisekelweni, yakhe amanzi noma enye i-electrolyte ebuthaka? Ingabe noma yimaphi ama-athomu ashintsha inombolo ye-oxidation, ukuze ama-electron adlule kwesinye uhlobo aye kwesinye?

Impendulo yebo embuzweni wokuqala isho ukusabela kwe-precipitation, ebuzweni lwesibili ukusabela kwe-asidi nesisekelo, futhi kwesithathu ukusabela kwe-redox. Ukusabela okukhiqiza igesi okufana no-HCO₃⁻(aq) + H⁺(aq) → H₂O(l) + CO₂(g) kuvame ukufakwa ku-asidi nesisekelo ngoba isinyathelo sokuqala siwukudluliswa kwe-proton. Ukushisa nokufuduswa kwensimbi eyodwa enye ukusabela kwe-redox.

Imindeni ayikhethi omunye. Lapho i-barium hydroxide emanzini ithulisa i-sulfuric acid, Ba(OH)₂(aq) + H₂SO₄(aq) → BaSO₄(s) + 2H₂O(l), kwakheka amanzi futhi kunetha i-sulfate engancibiliki ekusabeleni okufanayo.

Ukunquma ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo okufanele zibhalwe njengama-ayoni

Isibalo se-ayoni esicwengiwe sincike ekwazini ukuthi yiziphi izinto ezikhona njengama-ayoni ahlukanisiwe emanzini. Ama-electrolyte aqinile ahlukana cishe ngokuphelele: izinhlanganisela ze-ayoni ezincibilikayo, ama-asidi aqinile nezisekelo eziqinile. Zibhale njengama-ayoni lapho zibhalwe (aq). Konke okunye kugcina ifomula yako: eziqinile, oketshezi, amagesi, ama-asidi abuthaka, izisekelo ezibuthaka nama-solute amamolekyuli afana ne-glucose.

Ama-asidi aqinile avamile yi-HCl, HBr, HI, HNO₃, HClO₄ ne-H₂SO₄ (ku-proton yayo yokuqala). Thatha cishe wonke amanye ama-asidi ohlangana nawo ekhemistri evamile, kuhlanganise ne-HF, i-acetic acid (CH₃COOH) ne-carbonic acid, njengabuthaka, ugcine njengamolekyuli. Izisekelo eziqinile yi-hydroxide zeqembu 1 nezeqembu 2 ezisindayo. I-ammonia isisekelo esibuthaka futhi ihlala njenge-NH₃(aq).

Ama-ayoni anama-athomu amaningi ahlala ephelele lapho inhlanganisela ihlukana. I-potassium chromate emanzini inikeza u-2K⁺(aq) no-CrO₄²⁻(aq), hhayi ama-ayoni ahlukene e-potassium, chromium ne-oxygen.

Ukusebenzisa imihlahlandlela yokuncibilika

Imihlahlandlela yokuncibilika ifingqa amaphethini abonwayo ezinhlanganiselweni ze-ayoni emanzini eduze nezinga lokushisa lasekamelweni. Okuncibilikayo kusho ukuthi inani eliwusizo liyancibilika; okungancibiliki kusho ukuthi ukuncibilika kuphansi ngokwanele ukuthi into eqinile yakheke lapho ama-ayoni ehlangana ekugxileni okuvamile kwelabhorethri. Alukho uhlobo lwenhlanganisela ye-ayoni olunokuncibilika okuyi-zero ncamashi. Uhlu olungezansi lusekelwe kuTafula 4.1 ku-OpenStax Chemistry 2e, isigaba 4.2.

Ukubikezela i-precipitate, bhala wonke ama-ayoni akhona ngemva kokuxuba, bese uhlanganisa i-cation ngayinye ne-anion ngayinye ayengaqalanga ngayo. Uma noma yikuphi ukuhlangana okusha kuwela esigabeni esingancibiliki, leyo nhlanganisela iba i-precipitate. Uma wonke amabhangqa angaba khona ancibilika, njengalapho kuxutshwa izixazululo ze-potassium nitrate ne-sodium chloride, ama-ayoni angahlalisana kuphela futhi akukho ukusabela okucwengiwe.

• Izinhlanganisela ze-cation zeqembu 1 (Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺, Cs⁺) nezika-NH₄⁺ ziyancibilika.
• Ama-nitrate, ama-acetate, ama-hydrogen carbonate nama-chlorate ayancibilika.
• Ama-chloride, ama-bromide nama-iodide ayancibilika ngaphandle kwala ka-Ag⁺, Hg₂²⁺ no-Pb²⁺.
• Ama-fluoride ayancibilika ngaphandle kwala ka-Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺, Pb²⁺ no-Fe³⁺.
• Ama-sulfate ayancibilika ngaphandle kwala ka-Ag⁺, Ba²⁺, Ca²⁺, Hg₂²⁺, Pb²⁺ no-Sr²⁺.
• Ama-carbonate, ama-chromate, ama-phosphate nama-sulfide awancibiliki ngaphandle nama-cation eqembu 1 no-NH₄⁺.
• Ama-hydroxide awancibiliki ngaphandle nama-cation eqembu 1 no-Ba²⁺; i-Ca(OH)₂ ne-Sr(OH)₂ ziyancibilika kancane.

Ukwakha isibalo se-ayoni esicwengiwe isinyathelo ngesinyathelo

Isinyathelo ngasinye sinesizathu. Ukulinganisa kuqala isibalo samamolekyuli kuqinisekisa ukubala kwama-athomu. Ukwahlukanisa ama-electrolyte aqinile kukhombisa lokho okukhona ngempela ebhikheni. Ukukhansela ama-ayoni abukelayo kususa izinhlobo ezivela ngokungashintshile nhlangothi zombili futhi ezingahlanganyeli ekushintsheni.

Ukuhlola ishaji kubamba amaphutha ukubala kwama-athomu okuwaphutha. Isibalo se-ayoni esicwengiwe singaba neshaji eliphelele elingelona zero, kodwa leli shaji kumele lifane nhlangothi zombili, ngoba ishaji liyongiwa njengoba kunjalo nama-athomu.

• Bhala isibalo samamolekyuli esilinganisiwe ngophawu lwesimo kufomula ngayinye.
• Bhala kabusha i-electrolyte eqinile ngayinye (aq) njengama-ayoni ahlukene, uphindaphinda ngenombolo engezansi nangenombolo eyandulelayo.
• Chitha ama-ayoni avela ngokungashintshile nhlangothi zombili. Lawa ama-ayoni abukelayo.
• Yehlisa izinombolo ezandulelayo ezisele zibe izinombolo ezephelele ezincane kakhulu.
• Hlola ukuthi isakhi ngasinye neshaji eliphelele kuyalingana.

Isibonelo esisebenzile: ukwenza i-silver chromate ibe i-precipitate

Uxuba u-18.0 mL we-potassium chromate engu-0.0850 mol/L ne-silver nitrate eweleyo emanzini. Amabhangqa amasha ngu-Ag⁺ no-CrO₄²⁻ no-K⁺ no-NO₃⁻. I-silver ayiyona i-cation yeqembu 1, ngakho i-silver chromate ebomvu-nsundu iba i-precipitate; i-potassium nitrate ihlala incibilikile. Isibalo samamolekyuli: 2AgNO₃(aq) + K₂CrO₄(aq) → Ag₂CrO₄(s) + 2KNO₃(aq). Isibalo se-ayoni esigcwele: 2Ag⁺(aq) + 2NO₃⁻(aq) + 2K⁺(aq) + CrO₄²⁻(aq) → Ag₂CrO₄(s) + 2K⁺(aq) + 2NO₃⁻(aq). Ukukhansela u-K⁺ no-NO₃⁻ kunikeza isibalo se-ayoni esicwengiwe 2Ag⁺(aq) + CrO₄²⁻(aq) → Ag₂CrO₄(s). Ukuhlola ishaji: 2(+1) + (−2) = 0 ngakwesobunxele, no-0 ngakwesokudla.

Ukuthola isisindo se-precipitate, sebenzisa izisindo ze-athomu ezijwayelekile ze-IUPAC eziyiswe emadesimalini amabili: Ag 107.87, Cr 52.00, O 16.00. Isisindo se-molar se-Ag₂CrO₄ singu-2(107.87) + 52.00 + 4(16.00) = 331.74 g/mol. Ama-mole e-chromate = 0.0180 L × 0.0850 mol/L = 1.53 × 10⁻³ mol, futhi isibalo se-ayoni esicwengiwe sinikeza i-1 mol Ag₂CrO₄ ku-1 mol CrO₄²⁻ ngayinye. Isisindo = 1.53 × 10⁻³ mol × 331.74 g/mol = 0.508 g. Wonke amanani alinganisiwe anezinombolo ezibalulekile ezintathu, ngakho nempendulo inazo.

Izibonelo ezisebenzile: i-asidi ebuthaka nensimbi esixazululweni

I-acetic acid emanzini isabela ne-sodium hydroxide emanzini: CH₃COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) → CH₃COONa(aq) + H₂O(l). I-acetic acid ibuthaka, ngakho ihlala iyimolekyuli, kanti i-NaOH ne-sodium acetate ziyi-electrolyte eziqinile. Ngemva kokukhansela u-Na⁺, isibalo se-ayoni esicwengiwe ngu-CH₃COOH(aq) + OH⁻(aq) → CH₃COO⁻(aq) + H₂O(l). Qhathanisa ne-nitric acid ne-potassium hydroxide, lapho zombili izisabelo ziqinile futhi isibalo se-ayoni esicwengiwe sehla sibe ngu-H⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq) → H₂O(l).

Isiqeshana se-nickel esifakwe esixazululweni se-silver nitrate sembozwa ngamakristalu e-silver. I-nickel isuka ku-0 iye ku-+2 futhi i-silver isuka ku-+1 iye ku-0, ngakho lokhu kuyi-redox; i-nitrate iyi-ayoni ebukelayo. Isibalo se-ayoni esicwengiwe ngu-Ni(s) + 2Ag⁺(aq) → Ni²⁺(aq) + 2Ag(s). Inombolo eyandulelayo engu-2 idingwa yishaji, hhayi ama-athomu: Ni(s) + Ag⁺(aq) → Ni²⁺(aq) + Ag(s) kulinganisa wonke amasakhi kodwa kunetotali yeshaji engu-+1 ngakwesobunxele no-+2 ngakwesokudla.

Amaphutha avamile ezibalweni ze-ayoni nendlela yokuwabamba

Amaphutha amaningi avela ekubhaleni izinhlobo ezingalungile, hhayi ezibalweni. Ngaphambi kokukhansela noma yini, buza ukuthi ifomula ngayinye ikhona ngempela njengama-ayoni ahlukene emanzini.

Njengokuhlola kokugcina, funda isibalo se-ayoni esicwengiwe njengesehlakalo sangempela. Ama-ayoni e-silver amabili ne-ayoni eyodwa ye-chromate yakha into eqinile yinto ongayibuka; isibalo esinyakazisa kuphela ama-ayoni ancibilikile phakathi kwabalingani asichazi lutho.

• Ukwahlukanisa i-asidi ebuthaka: I-HF(aq) ihlala iyimolekyuli. Qhathanisa noma iyiphi i-asidi nama-asidi ayisithupha aqinile.
• Ukwahlukanisa i-precipitate: ifomula ebhalwe (s) ihlala iphelele nakuba into eqinile iyi-ayoni.
• Ukuhlukanisa i-ayoni enama-athomu amaningi: gcina i-NO₃⁻, i-SO₄²⁻ ne-CrO₄²⁻ iphelele.
• Ukubeka kabi izinombolo ezingezansi: i-K₂CrO₄ inikeza u-2K⁺; alikho i-ayoni elingu-K₂⁺.
• Ukuthatha i-mercury(I) njengo-Hg⁺: ikhona njenge-cation enama-athomu amabili Hg₂²⁺.
• Ukushiya izinombolo ezandulelayo zingehliswanga, njengo-4Ag⁺ + 2CrO₄²⁻ → 2Ag₂CrO₄.
• Ukubhala isibalo se-ayoni esicwengiwe lapho wonke amabhangqa ancibilika futhi kungakheki amanzi, i-electrolyte ebuthaka noma igesi, futhi akukho okushiswa noma okwehliswayo. Impendulo efanele ithi akukho ukusabela.