Ukulinganisa izibalo zamakhemikhali isinyathelo ngesinyathelo

Yini ezinombolo ezandulelayo ezingayishintsha kanti ezingezansi azikwazi

Ifomula ngayinye ilungisa ukwakheka kwento eyodwa. I-H₂O ihlala inama-athomu amabili e-hydrogen nelilodwa le-oxygen; ukuyishintsha ibe ngu-H₂O₂ kuchaza i-hydrogen peroxide, inhlanganisela ehlukile. Ngakho ukulinganisa kwenziwa ngezinombolo ezandulelayo kuphela, izinombolo ezingaphambi kwamafomula, ezisho ukuthi mangaki amayunithi efomula ento ngayinye ahlanganyela.

Isibalo esilinganisiwe sinenani elifanayo lama-athomu esakhi ngasinye ezinhlangothini zombili. Ngoba ama-athomu agcina isisindo sawo, isisindo esilonke sezisabelo bese silingana nesisindo esilonke semikhiqizo, okuyindlela eyusizo yokuhlola ezimele. Lapho kuvela ama-ayoni, isamba samashaji ngakwesobunxele naso kufanele silingane nesamba ngakwesokudla.

Izinombolo ezandulelayo zibhalwa njengezinombolo ezephelele ezincane kakhulu ezilinganisa isibalo. 4 H₂ + 2 O₂ → 4 H₂O silinganisiwe kodwa asiseyona ngezinga eliphansi kakhulu; ukuhlukanisa ngo-2 kunikeza 2 H₂ + O₂ → 2 H₂O. Inombolo yokuqala engu-1 ishiywa ingabhalwanga.

Ukulandelana kokuhlola okugwema ukuzungeza

Ukuhlola kusebenza kahle kakhulu ngokulandelana okungaguquki, ngoba ukulinganisa isakhi esisodwa kungaphazamisa esinye osesilungisile. Ukulandelana okungezansi kuhlehlisela izakhi ezivela emafomulani amaningi, ikakhulukazi izakhi ezikhululekile njenge-O₂ noma insimbi, ngoba ukushintsha inombolo yesakhi esikhululekile akuphazamisi lutho olunye.

Ukubala kokugcina kubaluleke kakhulu. Bhala isakhi ngasinye nenani laso nhlangothi zombili, uphindaphinda inombolo ngayinye engezansi ngenombolo eyandulelayo nangenombolo ephandle kwamabakaki. Kuthatha umzuzu futhi kubamba cishe wonke amaphutha.

• Bhala amafomula alungile wazo zonke izinto, kuhlanganise nezakhi ezinama-athomu amabili (H₂, N₂, O₂, F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, I₂), futhi ungazishintshi emva kwalokho.
• Nikeza ifomula eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu inombolo yokuzama engu-1.
• Linganisa izakhi ezivela kusisabelo esisodwa nomkhiqizo owodwa kuphela.
• Linganisa ama-ayoni anama-athomu amaningi adlula engashintshile njengamayunithi ayodwa.
• Linganisa i-hydrogen ne-oxygen okulandelayo, nezakhi ezikhululekile ekugcineni.
• Susa noma yiziphi izingxenye ngokuphindaphinda zonke izinombolo ezandulelayo ngomhlukanisi wazo, bese uzehlisela ezinombolweni ezephelele ezincane kakhulu.
• Bala isakhi ngasinye, neshaji eliphelele, nhlangothi zombili.

Isibonelo esisebenzile: ukushiswa kwe-2-propanol

I-2-Propanol (isopropyl alcohol), C₃H₈O, ishisa ku-oxygen inikeze i-carbon dioxide namanzi: C₃H₈O + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O. Nikeza i-C₃H₈O inombolo eyandulelayo engu-1. I-carbon ivela esisabelweni esisodwa nasemkhiqizweni owodwa, ngakho u-3 C udinga u-3 CO₂. I-hydrogen ngokufanayo: u-8 H udinga u-4 H₂O.

I-oxygen iza ekugcineni ngoba i-O₂ iyisakhi esikhululekile. Uhlangothi lwesokudla manje lunama-athomu e-O angu-3 × 2 + 4 × 1 = 10. Uphethiloli usunikeza u-1 O, ngakho i-O₂ kufanele inikeze ama-athomu angu-9, inombolo eyandulelayo engu-9/2. Ukuphindaphinda konke ngo-2 kunikeza 2 C₃H₈O + 9 O₂ → 6 CO₂ + 8 H₂O.

Ukubala: C 6 = 6; H 16 = 16; O 2 + 18 = 20 ngakwesobunxele no-12 + 8 = 20 ngakwesokudla. Ukuhlola isisindo usebenzisa izisindo ze-athomu ezijwayelekile ze-IUPAC eziyiswe emadesimalini amabili (C 12.01, H 1.01, O 16.00) kuyavumelana nenani lama-mole elikhonjisiwe: 2(60.11 g) + 9(32.00 g) = 408.22 g wezisabelo no-6(44.01 g) + 8(18.02 g) = 408.22 g wemikhiqizo.

Iphutha elivamile ukukhohlwa i-athomu ye-oxygen ngaphakathi kophethiloli bese ubhala u-5 O₂ ku-C₃H₈O ngayinye. Ukubala kukwambula masinyane: ama-athomu e-O angu-11 ngakwesobunxele nangu-10 ngakwesokudla.

Ama-ayoni anama-athomu amaningi njengeyunithi eyodwa

Lapho i-ayoni enama-athomu amaningi njenge-sulfate, i-nitrate noma i-phosphate ivela ingashintshile nhlangothi zombili, ibale njengeyunithi eyodwa esikhundleni sokubala ama-athomu ayo ngokwehlukana. Lokhu kufinyeza ukubhala futhi kugwema iphutha lokubala elivame kakhulu, ukukhohlwa ukuthi inombolo engezansi ngaphandle kwamabakaki iphindaphinda konke okungaphakathi: i-Ca(NO₃)₂ iqukethe u-2 N no-6 O.

Isibonelo esisebenzile: i-barium hydroxide isabela ne-phosphoric acid inikeze i-barium phosphate namanzi, Ba(OH)₂ + H₃PO₄ → Ba₃(PO₄)₂ + H₂O. Qala nge-Ba₃(PO₄)₂. Iqukethe u-3 Ba, ngakho sebenzisa u-3 Ba(OH)₂, namayunithi angu-2 e-phosphate, ngakho sebenzisa u-2 H₃PO₄.

Ngamanzi, cabanga ngawo njenge-H–OH: imolekyuli ngayinye yakheka kusuka ku-H oyedwa we-asidi nakuma-OH oyedwa wesisekelo. Uhlangothi lwesobunxele manje lunamaqembu e-OH angu-3 × 2 = 6 nama-athomu e-H e-asidi angu-2 × 3 = 6, ngakho akheka u-6 H₂O: 3 Ba(OH)₂ + 2 H₃PO₄ → Ba₃(PO₄)₂ + 6 H₂O. Ukubala: Ba 3 = 3; P 2 = 2; H 6 + 6 = 12 no-6 × 2 = 12; O 6 + 8 = 14 no-8 + 6 = 14.

Sebenzisa indlela yeyunithi kuphela lapho i-ayoni ingafi iphelele. Uma i-nitrate iguqulwa ibe yi-NO ekusabeleni kwe-redox, isibonelo, i-nitrogen ne-oxygen kufanele zibalwe ngokwehlukana.

Ukulinganisa ishaji ezibalweni ze-ayoni

Isibalo se-ayoni singalinganisa ama-athomu kodwa sibe sibi. Cabanga ngensimbi ye-aluminium efakwe esixazululweni sama-ayoni e-copper(II): Al(s) + Cu²⁺(aq) → Al³⁺(aq) + Cu(s). Kunoyedwa u-Al noyedwa u-Cu nhlangothi zombili, kodwa ishaji lingu-2+ ngakwesobunxele no-3+ ngakwesokudla.

I-athomu ngayinye ye-Al ilahlekelwa ama-electron angu-3 futhi i-ayoni ngayinye ye-Cu²⁺ ithola amabili. Isiphindaphindi esijwayelekile esincane kakhulu singu-6, ngakho u-2 Al usabela no-3 Cu²⁺: 2 Al(s) + 3 Cu²⁺(aq) → 2 Al³⁺(aq) + 3 Cu(s). Ishaji: 3(2+) = 6+ ngakwesobunxele no-2(3+) = 6+ ngakwesokudla; ama-athomu Al 2 = 2 no-Cu 3 = 3.

Ama-electron avela esibalweni esiphelele, ngakho ukungafani kwamashaji kusho njalo ukuthi isibalo asikalinganiswa: inombolo eyandulelayo ayilungile, noma isakhi esifana no-H⁺, OH⁻ noma H₂O siyaphuthuma. Ezibalweni ze-redox eziyinkimbinkimbi, ikakhulukazi esixazululweni se-asidi noma sesisekelo, indlela yesigamu sokusabela ethembekile kakhulu kunokuhlola.

Indlela ye-alijebra yezibalo ezinzima

Ezinye izibalo, ezivame ukuba ukusabela kwe-redox lapho isakhi esisodwa siphela emikhiqizweni eminingi, ziyaphikisana nokuhlola. Nikeza uhlamvu lwealfabhethi inombolo ngayinye eyandulelayo, bhala isibalo esisodwa ngesakhi ngasinye, misa uhlamvu olulodwa lube ngu-1, uxazulule. Ku-potassium permanganate ne-hydrochloric acid: a KMnO₄ + b HCl → c KCl + d MnCl₂ + e Cl₂ + f H₂O.

I-potassium inikeza a = c; i-manganese inikeza a = d; i-oxygen inikeza 4a = f; i-hydrogen inikeza b = 2f; i-chlorine inikeza b = c + 2d + 2e. Ukumisa a = 1 kunikeza c = 1, d = 1, f = 4 no-b = 8, bese 8 = 1 + 2 + 2e, ngakho e = 5/2. Ukuphindaphinda ngo-2: 2 KMnO₄ + 16 HCl → 2 KCl + 2 MnCl₂ + 5 Cl₂ + 8 H₂O. Ukubala: K 2, Mn 2, O 8, H 16 no-Cl 16 nhlangothi zombili.

Uma, ngemva kokumisa uhlamvu olulodwa lube ngu-1, izibalo zezakhi zisashiya inombolo eyandulelayo ingaqinisekisiwe, isibalo sinomumo olinganisiwe ohlukile ongaphezu komunye ozimele. Lokho kuvame ukusho ukuthi sihlanganisa ukusabela okubili okuhlukene, futhi kudingeka ulwazi olwengeziwe lwekhemistri, njengokuthi yiziphi izinto ezifakwa i-oxidation neziyiziphi ezincishwa ngesigamu ngasinye sokusabela, ukukhetha esifanele.

Amaphutha okulinganisa nokubala okuwabambayo

Ngalinye lamaphutha angezansi liyabanjwa ukubala okufanayo kokugcina, isakhi nesakhi bese kuba ishaji. Yenza ukubala kube umugqa wokugcina ongaguquki wesibalo ngasinye, hhayi into eyengeziwe ongayikhetha.

Uma ukubala kuhlala kuhluleka kusakhi esifanayo, buyela ekulandelaneni kokuhlola uhlole ukuthi ngabe lesosakhi silinganiswe msinyane kakhulu yini.

• Ukushintsha inombolo engezansi ukuphoqa ukulinganisa, njengokubhala u-H₂O₂ kwamanzi. Qhathanisa ifomula ngayinye nesibalo esingalinganisiwe owaqala ngaso.
• Ukubhala isakhi esinama-athomu amabili njengama-athomu ayodwa, njengo-O esikhundleni sika-O₂.
• Ukukhohlwa ukuphindaphinda ngamabakaki, ngakho u-Ba₃(PO₄)₂ ubalwa unama-O angu-4 esikhundleni sika-8.
• Ukushiya izingxenye, noma izinombolo ezandulelayo ezinesici esijwayelekile, empendulweni yokugcina.
• Ukulinganisa ama-athomu kodwa hhayi ishaji esibalweni esinama-ayoni.
• Ukulinganisa isakhi esikhululekile kuqala bese kufanele usiphinde ngemva kokushintsha kwakho konke okunye.