Ukuqamba izinhlanganisela zamakhemikhali: ze-ayoni, zamamolekyuli, ama-asidi nama-hydrate

Ukukhetha isistimu yokuqamba kusuka kufomula

Bheka okuqukethwe yifomula ngaphambi kokuzama ukuyiqamba. Izinhlanganisela ze-ayoni ziphethwe amashaji, ngakho amagama azo abika ama-ayoni futhi ashiye ukubala ekulinganisweni kweshaji. Izinhlanganisela zamamolekyuli azinawo amashaji e-ayoni okulinganisa, ngakho amagama azo kufanele asho inani le-athomu ngalinye ngama-prefix esiGreki. Ama-asidi anamagama awo ngoba aqanjwa ngendlela aziphatha ngayo emanzini.

Funda ifomula ngayinye ngohlu lokuhlola olungezansi, ngokulandelana, bese uyeka lapho kufana khona okokuqala.

• Ifomula elandelwa yichashaza namanzi, njengo-·5H₂O: i-hydrate. Qamba inhlanganisela, bese wengeza igama le-hydrate.
• Ifomula eqala nge-H futhi ebhalwe njengesixazululo samanzi, (aq): i-asidi.
• Insimbi, noma i-ayoni ye-ammonium NH₄⁺, ihlanganiswe nama-nonmetal: inhlanganisela ye-ayoni.
• Ama-nonmetal kuphela, ngaphandle kwe-ammonium: inhlanganisela yamamolekyuli eqanjwa ngama-prefix.

Amagama e-ayoni nezinombolo zika-Stock zamashaji aguqukayo

Qamba i-cation kuqala, bese i-anion. I-cation enama-athomu ayodwa igcina igama lesakhi (sodium, calcium), futhi i-anion enama-athomu ayodwa ithatha impande yegama lesakhi kanye ne--ide (chloride, oxide, nitride). Amagama e-ayoni awasebenzisi ama-prefix afana no-di- noma tri- ukubala ama-ayoni; izinombolo ezingezansi zilandela emashajini, ngakho ukuzisho kuzoba yize.

Izinsimbi eziningi, ikakhulukazi izinsimbi zokudlula ne-tin ne-lead, zakha ama-cation angaphezu kweyodwa. Kuzo, isistimu ka-Stock ibeka inombolo ye-oxidation yensimbi, elingana neshaji lale cation enama-athomu ayodwa, ngezinombolo zesiRoma ebakaki: i-iron(II) ingu-Fe²⁺ ne-iron(III) ingu-Fe³⁺. Izinsimbi ezinamashaji amaningi avamile awukhona azithola inombolo: izinsimbi zeqembu 1 (+1), zeqembu 2 (+2), i-aluminium (+3), i-zinc (+2) ne-silver (+1).

Isibonelo esisebenzile: qamba i-Co₃(PO₄)₂. I-phosphate ingu-PO₄³⁻, ngakho ama-phosphate amabili aphethe u-2 × (−3) = −6. Ama-ayoni amathathu e-cobalt kufanele ahlangane abe ngu-+6, ngakho ngalinye ngu-+6 ÷ 3 = +2. Igama liyi-cobalt(II) phosphate. Qaphela ukuthi inombolo yesiRoma iyishaji le-ayoni eyodwa, hhayi inombolo engezansi.

Isibonelo esisebenzile ngemuva: bhala ifomula ye-tin(IV) sulfide. I-tin(IV) ingu-Sn⁴⁺ futhi i-sulfide ingu-S²⁻. Isilinganiso senombolo ephelele esincane esilinganisa ishaji yi-Sn⁴⁺ eyodwa ku-S²⁻ ngayinye ezimbili, njengoba +4 + 2(−2) = 0. Ifomula ingu-SnS₂.

Ama-ayoni anama-athomu amaningi nephethini ye--ate/-ite

I-ayoni enama-athomu amaningi iqembu lama-athomu abophelelwe nge-covalent elinelishaji eliphelele. Igcina igama nefomula yayo njengeyunithi ngaphakathi kwenhlanganisela ye-ayoni. Lapho ifomula idinga amakhophi amaningi e-ayoni enama-athomu amaningi, yivalele ebakaki ngaphambi kwenombolo engezansi: i-calcium nitrate ingu-Ca(NO₃)₂, hhayi CaNO₃₂.

Ama-oxyanion amaningi eza emindenini. I-ayoni ye--ate inayo i-oxygen eyodwa ngaphezu kwe-ayoni ye--ite elinaleshaji elifanayo: i-sulfate ingu-SO₄²⁻ ne-sulfite ingu-SO₃²⁻. Emndenini we-chlorine, i-per- yengeza i-oxygen eyodwa ngaphezu kwe--ate, futhi i-hypo- isusa eyodwa ngaphezu kwe--ite. Ukwengeza u-H⁺ ku-anion kwenza ishaji layo lingabi ngelibi kangako ngeyunithi eyodwa futhi kwengeza i-hydrogen egameni. Uhlu olungezansi luhlanganisa ama-ayoni izifundo eziningi zekhemistri evamile ezilindele ukuthi uwazi.

• I-ammonium NH₄⁺, i-hydroxide OH⁻, i-cyanide CN⁻, i-peroxide O₂²⁻, i-acetate CH₃COO⁻.
• I-nitrate NO₃⁻, i-nitrite NO₂⁻; i-sulfate SO₄²⁻, i-sulfite SO₃²⁻, i-hydrogen sulfate HSO₄⁻.
• I-carbonate CO₃²⁻, i-hydrogen carbonate HCO₃⁻; i-phosphate PO₄³⁻, i-hydrogen phosphate HPO₄²⁻, i-dihydrogen phosphate H₂PO₄⁻.
• I-perchlorate ClO₄⁻, i-chlorate ClO₃⁻, i-chlorite ClO₂⁻, i-hypochlorite ClO⁻ (ama-oxyanion e-bromine ne-iodine aqanjwa ngendlela efanayo).
• I-permanganate MnO₄⁻, i-chromate CrO₄²⁻, i-dichromate Cr₂O₇²⁻.

Ama-prefix ezinhlanganisela zamamolekyuli ezimbili

Enhlanganiseleni yama-nonmetal amabili, isakhi esiseduze kwesobunxele ethebuleni lezikhathi ngokuvamile siqanjwa kuqala; uma zombili zise-qenjini elifanayo, esiphansi siza kuqala. Isakhi sesibili sithatha ukuphela kwe--ide. Amagama endabuko ezinye izinhlanganisela ze-oxygen ne-chlorine, i-bromine ne-iodine aphula leli phethini ngokuqamba i-halogen kuqala, njenge-dichlorine monoxide, Cl₂O; izincomo ze-IUPAC zango-2005 zisusa lokhu okuhlukile futhi ziqamba inhlanganisela efanayo ngokuthi i-oxygen dichloride, OCl₂.

Ama-prefix esiGreki anikeza inani le-athomu ngalinye: mono- (1), di- (2), tri- (3), tetra- (4), penta- (5), hexa- (6), hepta- (7), octa- (8), nona- (9) ne-deca- (10). I-mono- ayisetshenziswa neze esakhini sokuqala. Izincwadi eziningi zokufunda zilahla u-a noma u-o wokugcina wohlobo lwe-prefix ngaphambi kwe-oxide, okunikeza i-monoxide ne-pentoxide; izincomo ze-IUPAC zango-2005 zigcina uhlamvu lwezikhahlamezi ngaphandle kwe-monoxide, ngakho uzobona namagama afana ne-dinitrogen pentaoxide.

Isibonelo esisebenzile: qamba i-P₄S₁₀. Zombili izakhi ziyi-nonmetal, ngakho sebenzisa ama-prefix. I-phosphorus iseduze kwesobunxele, ngakho iza kuqala: tetraphosphorus. I-sulfur ithola i-deca- nokuphela kwe--ide: decasulfide. Igama liyi-tetraphosphorus decasulfide. Uma uya ngenye indlela, i-dinitrogen trioxide ingu-N₂O₃. Ezinye izinhlanganisela zamamolekyuli zaziwa cishe ngamagama avamile kuphela, njengamanzi, i-ammonia ne-methane.

Amagama ama-asidi avela kuma-anion awo

Igama le-asidi lithathwa ku-anion esala ngemva kokususwa kwama-ayoni e-hydrogen. Uma i-anion iphela nge--ide, i-asidi iqanjwa ngokuthi hydro- + impande + -ic acid: i-HBr(aq) iyi-hydrobromic acid. Ngaphandle kwamanzi, i-HBr iyigesi yamamolekyuli eqanjwa ngokuthi i-hydrogen bromide; igama le-asidi lichaza isixazululo samanzi.

Kuma-oxyacid, shintsha -ate ibe -ic no--ite ibe -ous, ugcine noma yimuphi i-prefix ye-per- noma hypo-. Amagama ama-oxyacid awasebenzisi neze i-prefix ye-hydro-. I-nitrate inikeza i-nitric acid, HNO₃; i-nitrite inikeza i-nitrous acid, HNO₂; i-sulfate inikeza i-sulfuric acid, H₂SO₄; i-phosphate inikeza i-phosphoric acid, H₃PO₄.

Isibonelo esisebenzile: qamba i-HIO₃ bese ubhala ifomula ye-hypobromous acid. Ukususa u-H⁺ ku-HIO₃ kushiya u-IO₃⁻, i-iodate, ngokufana ne-chlorate. Ukuphela kwe--ate kuba -ic, ngakho i-asidi iyi-iodic acid. Ku-hypobromous acid, ukuphela kwe--ous ne-prefix ye-hypo- kukhomba i-hypobromite, BrO⁻. U-H⁺ oyedwa ulinganisa ishaji elingelihle elilodwa, ngakho ifomula ingu-HBrO.

Ama-hydrate: amagama, amafomula nephesenti lamanzi

I-hydrate yinto eqinile, ngokuvamile inhlanganisela ye-ayoni, enamamolekyuli amanzi akhelwe ngaphakathi kwekristalu yayo ngesilinganiso esimisiwe. Ifomula ikhombisa amanzi ngemva kwephoyinti eliphakathi, futhi igama lengeza i-prefix egameni elithi hydrate: i-CoCl₂·6H₂O iyi-cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate. Ukushisa i-hydrate kungaxosha amanzi kuhlale inhlanganisela engenamanzi.

Isibonelo esisebenzile: iphesenti lamanzi ku-CoCl₂·6H₂O. Sebenzisa izisindo ze-athomu ezijwayelekile ze-IUPAC eziyiswe emadesimalini amabili: Co 58.93, Cl 35.45, H 1.01 no-O 16.00 g/mol. Isisindo se-molar se-CoCl₂ singu-58.93 + 2(35.45) = 129.83 g/mol. Amanzi angu-2(1.01) + 16.00 = 18.02 g/mol, ngakho amanzi ayisithupha angu-6 × 18.02 = 108.12 g/mol. Isisindo se-molar se-hydrate singu-129.83 + 108.12 = 237.95 g/mol, futhi iphesenti lesisindo lamanzi ngu-(108.12 ÷ 237.95) × 100% = 45.44%.

Isilinganiso esifanayo sibikezela ukuthi ukushisa kufanele kushiye ini. Uma u-3.500 g we-hydrate elahlekelwa wonke amanzi ayo, i-CoCl₂ engenamanzi esele ngu-3.500 g × (129.83 ÷ 237.95) = 1.910 g, futhi amanzi axoshiwe angu-3.500 g − 1.910 g = 1.590 g. Izinombolo ezine ezibalulekile ziyathethelelwa ngoba isisindo sesampula nesisindo se-molar ngasinye kunezine ngokungasikhathi.

Amaphutha okuqamba aguqula ifomula

Igama elingalungile liyinto engalungile, ngakho thatha igama ngalinye njengefomula ongayihlola. Ngemva kokuqamba inhlanganisela ye-ayoni, akha kabusha ifomula kugama lakho uqinisekise ukuthi amashaji amahle nawokubi ahlangana abe yi-zero. Ngemva kokuqamba inhlanganisela yamamolekyuli, qinisekisa ukuthi i-prefix ngayinye ihambisana nenombolo engezansi.

Lawa maphutha alandelayo okufanele uwabheke kuqala.

• Ukusebenzisa ama-prefix emagameni e-ayoni, njengokubiza i-MgCl₂ ngokuthi i-magnesium dichloride. Igama elilungile liyi-magnesium chloride.
• Ukufunda inombolo yesiRoma njengenombolo engezansi. I-iron(III) oxide ingu-Fe₂O₃, hhayi Fe₃O.
• Ukushiya inombolo yensimbi enamashaji aguqukayo, noma ukwengeza eyodwa ku-sodium noma i-calcium.
• Ukuxuba i-sulfide (S²⁻), i-sulfite (SO₃²⁻) ne-sulfate (SO₄²⁻).
• Ukwengeza i-hydro- ku-oxyacid. I-hydrosulfuric acid ingu-H₂S(aq); u-H₂SO₄ iyi-sulfuric acid.
• Ukungaqapheli ukuthi i-mercury(I) ikhona njengeyunithi ye-Hg₂²⁺, ngakho i-mercury(I) chloride ingu-Hg₂Cl₂.