Falgalaha xaddidaya iyo boqolkiiba wax-soo-saarka oo la sharaxay

Sababta moolashu, ma aha garaamku, u go'aamiyaan falgalaha dhammaada

Isleegga isu-dheellitiran wuxuu tiriyaa walxo. 2 H₂ + O₂ → 2 H₂O waxay ka dhigan tahay in laba molekiyuul oo hydrogen ah ay la falgalaan hal molekiyuul oksijiin ah, ama 2 mol iyo 1 mol. Toos uma sheegayo garaam, sababtoo ah walxaha kala duwani waxay leeyihiin culeysyo molar oo kala duwan. Barbar dhigga culeysyada laba falgale sidaa darteed ma kuu sheegi karo kee ayaa horta dhammaanaya.

Saamiga moolka ee isku-dhuftayaasha laga helo wuxuu u shaqeeyaa sida heerka sarrifka ee u dhexeeya walxaha. Si loo isticmaalo, marka hore culeys ama mug kasta oo la bixiyey u beddel mool, ku dabaq saamiga, kadibna dib ugu beddel garaam kaliya haddii su'aashu weydiiso culeys.

Mid la mid ah jikada ayaa muujinaysa fikradda. Haddii sandwich kastaa u baahan yahay 2 jeex rooti ah iyo 1 jeex farmaajo ah, 10 jeex rooti ah iyo 7 jeex farmaajo ah waxay sameeyaan 5 sandwich oo keliya. Rootigu wuxuu xaddidaa wax-soo-saarka in kasta oo jeexyo badan ay jiraan, sababtoo ah cuntada oo dhan waxay isticmaashaa rooti laba jibaar dhaqso ka badan.

Laba tijaabo oo la isku halleyn karo oo falgalaha xaddidaya

La barbar dhig qadarrada wax-soo-saarka. Falgale kasta, xisaabi inta wax-soo-saar ah ee uu samayn karo haddii wax kale oo dhan aan xad lahayn. Falgalaha bixiya qadarka ugu yar ee wax-soo-saarka waa kan xaddidaya, qadarkaas ugu yarna waa wax-soo-saarka aragtiyeed. Tijaabadani waxay isla mar ka jawaabtaa su'aasha la raacdo ee ugu badan.

La barbar dhig loo baahan yahay iyo jira. Dooro hal falgale, xisaabi inta falgale labaad ee uu u baahan lahaa, oo la barbar dhig waxa jira. Haddii ka yar loo baahan yahay jiro, falgalaha labaad waa kan xaddidaya; haddii kale kan koowaad ayaa ah. Gaaban le'eg wuxuu qaybiyaa qadarka falgale kasta ee moolka isku-dhufteheeda; qaybta ugu yar waxay calaamadaysaa falgalaha xaddidaya.

Labada tijaababa waxay u baahan yihiin isleeg isu-dheellitiran iyo qadarro mool ah. Marka ay jiraan saddex falgale ama ka badan, tijaabada qadarka wax-soo-saarka ama gaabanaha qaybinta isku-dhufte waxay ka yar tahay khalad marka loo eego barbar dhigga falgalayaasha laba-laba.

Tusaale la xaliyey: siligga copper ee xalka silver nitrate

Copper wuxuu silver ka bedelaa silver nitrate: Cu(s) + 2 AgNO₃(aq) → Cu(NO₃)₂(aq) + 2 Ag(s). Xabbad siligga copper ah oo 3.00 g ah ayaa la geliyey xal ka kooban 8.50 g AgNO₃. Falgalkee ayaa xaddidaya, culeys silver ah intee le'eg ayaa samaysmi kara, oo copper intee le'eg ayaa hadhaya? Culeysyada molarka waxay isticmaalaan culeysyada atamka caadiga ah ee IUPAC oo loo dhoweeyey laba meelood oo tobanle (Cu 63.55, Ag 107.87, N 14.01, O 16.00), sidaa darteed AgNO₃ waa 169.88 g/mol.

U beddel mool, adigoo qaadaya tirooyin dheeraad ah: 3.00 g Cu ÷ 63.55 g/mol = 0.047207 mol Cu, iyo 8.50 g AgNO₃ ÷ 169.88 g/mol = 0.050035 mol AgNO₃. Copper wuxuu u baahnaan lahaa 2 × 0.047207 = 0.094414 mol AgNO₃, laakiin 0.050035 mol oo keliya ayaa jira, sidaa darteed AgNO₃ waa xaddidaya, in kasta oo culeyskiisu yahay ku dhawaad saddex jibaar kan copper.

Wax-soo-saarka aragtiyeed ee silver: 0.050035 mol AgNO₃ × (2 mol Ag / 2 mol AgNO₃) × 107.87 g/mol = 5.397 g, oo loo sheego 5.40 g. Salayntu copper halkii waxay saadaalin lahayd 10.18 g silver, taasoo samaysmi karin sababtoo ah silver nitrate ayaa horta dhammaanaya.

Copper xad-dhaaf ah: AgNO₃ wuxuu isticmaalaa 0.050035 mol ÷ 2 = 0.025018 mol Cu, ama 0.025018 mol × 63.55 g/mol = 1.590 g. Copper hadhay = 3.00 g − 1.590 g = 1.41 g, oo loo sheego meesha boqolaad sababtoo ah 3.00 g waxaa laga yaqaan meesha boqolaad. Culeysku wuu ilaalmaa: 5.397 g Ag + 4.693 g Cu(NO₃)₂ (187.57 g/mol) + 1.410 g Cu = 11.50 g, oo le'eg 3.00 g + 8.50 g bilowga.

Wax-soo-saarka aragtiyeed, dhabta ah iyo boqolkiiba

Wax-soo-saarka aragtiyeed waa qadarka ugu badan ee wax-soo-saar ee falgalaha xaddidaya uu samayn karo, iyadoo la qaadanayo in falgalku si buuxda u dhammaado sida loo qoray iyadoo aan jirin falgallo dhinac ah iyo lumis midna. Wax-soo-saarka dhabta ahi waa qadarka aad go'doomiso oo aad cabbirto. Boqolkiiba wax-soo-saarka = (wax-soo-saarka dhabta ah ÷ wax-soo-saarka aragtiyeed) × 100%.

Wax-soo-saar ka hooseeya 100% waa caadi. Falgal ayaa gaari kara isu-dheellitir kahor intaan falgalaha xaddidaya la isticmaalin, falgallo dhinac ahi waxay cuni karaan falgalayaal, wax-soo-saarkuna wuu lumaa marka la sifeeyo, la wareejiyo, la maydho ama dib loo kristaaleeyo. Wax-soo-saar ka badan 100% oo la rumeysnaa inuu saafi yahay badanaa macnaheedu waa inuu weli ka kooban yahay milmaha ama wasakh, ama in culeys si khaldan loo diiwaan geliyey. U tixgeli calaamad lagu qalajiyo oo dib loo miisaamo, ma aha natiijo.

Labada wax-soo-saarba waa inay qeexaan isla walax isla cutubyo. Haddii wax-soo-saarka aragtiyeed uu yahay mool, wax-soo-saarka dhabta ah sidoo kale u beddel mool, ama labadaba ku muuji garaam.

Tusaale la xaliyey: boqolkiiba wax-soo-saarka isku-dhiska ester

Isopentyl acetate, ester ay leedahay uur sida moos, wuxuu ka samaysmaa acetic acid iyo isopentyl alcohol (3-methyl-1-butanol): C₂H₄O₂ + C₅H₁₂O → C₇H₁₄O₂ + H₂O. Isku-darka 6.00 g oo acetic acid ah iyo 7.50 g oo isopentyl alcohol ah wuxuu bixiyaa 8.12 g oo ester la daahiyey ah. Waa maxay boqolkiiba wax-soo-saarka?

Culeysyada molarka (C 12.01, H 1.01, O 16.00): acetic acid 60.06 g/mol, isopentyl alcohol 88.17 g/mol, ester 130.21 g/mol. Qadarrada: 6.00 g ÷ 60.06 g/mol = 0.09990 mol aashito iyo 7.50 g ÷ 88.17 g/mol = 0.08506 mol alcohol. Saamigu waa 1:1, sidaa darteed alcohol-ku waa xaddidaya, 0.01484 mol oo aashito ahna waa xad-dhaaf. Isticmaalka hal falgale oo xad-dhaaf ah waa hab caadi ah oo lagu riixo falgal xaddidan oo isu-dheellitir ah sida kani dhanka wax-soo-saarka.

Wax-soo-saarka aragtiyeed = 0.08506 mol × 130.21 g/mol = 11.076 g. Boqolkiiba wax-soo-saarka = (8.12 g ÷ 11.076 g) × 100% = 73.3%, saddex tiro oo muhiim ah oo ka yimid 8.12 g iyo 7.50 g. Dhoweynta wax-soo-saarka aragtiyeed 11.1 g kahor qaybinta waxay bixin lahayd 73.2%, sidaa darteed qaado qiimaha aan la dhoweyn.

Boqolkiiba wax-soo-saarku wuxuu sidoo kale u shaqeeyaa dib-u-socod. Si aad u ururiso 5.00 g oo ester ah isla wax-soo-saar 73.3% ah, waxaad u baahan tahay wax-soo-saar aragtiyeed oo 5.00 g ÷ 0.733 = 6.82 g, taasoo ah 0.0524 mol oo ester ah. Taasi waxay u baahan tahay ugu yaraan 0.0524 mol, ama 4.62 g, oo isopentyl alcohol ah, aashitada oo xad-dhaaf ah.

Khaladaadka wax-soo-saarka iyo falgalaha xad-dhaafka ah ee la hubiyo

Khaladaadka dhibaatooyinkan intooda badan waa khaladaad dejin, ma aha kuwa xisaab, sidaa darteed mid kastaa wuxuu leeyahay hubin aan u baahnayn in xisaabta oo dhan dib loo sameeyo.

Kadib dhammaadka, xaqiiji saddex arrimood: falgalaha xaddidaya waxaa laga doortay mool, wax-soo-saarka aragtiyeed wuxuu ka yimid falgalahaas, boqolkiiba wax-soo-saarkuna waa 100% ama ka yar.

• Doorashada falgalaha xaddidaya adigoo barbar dhigaya culeysyada. Tusaalaha copper-ka, falgalaha leh culeyska weyn ayaa ahaa kan xaddidaya.
• Barbar dhigga qadarrada mool iyada oo aan isku-dhuftayaasha la isticmaalin. Ku qaybi qadar kasta isku-dhufteheeda, ama xisaabi wax-soo-saarka falgale kasta.
• Xisaabinta wax-soo-saarka aragtiyeed falgalaha xad-dhaafka ah. Wax-soo-saarka aragtiyeed had iyo jeer waa kan ugu yar ee qadarrada wax-soo-saarka suurtagalka ah.
• Helidda xad-dhaafka hadhay adigoo culeyska hal walax ka jaraya kan walax kale. Xisaabi inta falgalaha xad-dhaafka ah la isticmaalay, cutubyadiisa, oo ka jar qadarka isla walaxdaas jira.
• Beddelidda wax-soo-saarka dhabta ah iyo kan aragtiyeed qaacidada. Boqolkiiba wax-soo-saar ka badan 100% oo ah wax-soo-saar qalalan oo saafi ah macnaheedu waa wax khaldan.
• Dhoweynta qiimayaasha dhexe. Dib u shaqee tallaabada ugu dambeysa adigoo isticmaalaya lambarro aan la dhoweyn oo eeg haddii tirooyinka la sheegay beddelmaan.