Amatafula e-ICE: ukuxazulula ukulingana isinyathelo ngesinyathelo

Lokho imigqa emithathu yetafula le-ICE ekurekhodayo

I-ICE imele i-Initial (okokuqala), i-Change (ushintsho) ne-Equilibrium (ukulingana). Bhala isibalo esilinganisiwe phezulu bese unikeza uhlobo ngalunye ikholomu yalo. Umugqa we-Initial uphethe ukugxila (noma izingcindezi ezingxenye) ngaphambi kokuthi ukusabela kushintshe. Umugqa we-Change uphethe ukuthi ngamunye ukhuphuka noma wehla kangakanani. Umugqa we-Equilibrium uyisamba sakuqala kokubili.

Umugqa we-Change yilapho ikhemistri ihlala khona. Konke okufakiwe kuphindwe kwento eyodwa engaziwa, x, futhi iziphindo zingama-coefficient esibalo esilinganisiwe. Ku-2 SO₂(g) + O₂(g) ⇌ 2 SO₃(g) okuya phambili, ushintsho lungu-−2x, −x no-+2x. Izisabelo ziyalahlekelwa futhi imikhiqizo iyazuza lapho ukusabela kuya phambili; izimpawu ziyaphenduka lapho kuya emuva.

Sebenzisa ukugxila kwe-molar ku-Kc nezingcindezi ezingxenye ku-Kp. Izinto eziqinile ezihlanzekile noketshezi oluhlanzekile aziveli esishweni sokulingana, ngakho zishiye nasetafuleni. Guqula noma yimaphi ama-mole abe ukugxila ngokuhlukanisa ngevolumu yesitsha ngaphambi kokuthi ugcwalise umugqa we-Initial.

Ukukhetha indlela yoshintsho ngo-Q

Ngaphambi kokuthi unikeze izimpawu, nquma ukuthi ukusabela kufanele kuye ngakuphi. Bala i-reaction quotient Q kusuka emananini okuqala, usebenzisa ifomu elifanayo nesisho sika-K. Uma u-Q emncane kuno-K, imikhiqizo mincane kakhulu futhi ukusabela kuya phambili. Uma u-Q emkhulu kuno-K, kuya emuva. Uma u-Q elingana no-K, ingxube isivele isekulinganeni futhi akukho okushintshayo.

Lapho umkhiqizo uqala ku-zero, u-Q uyi-zero futhi ukusabela kufanele kuye phambili, ngakho ungakweqa ukubala. Lapho zonke izinhlobo zikhona, bala u-Q. Isibonelo, thatha ukusabela kwe-sulfur trioxide no-Kc = 37.0 (otholakala esigabeni esilandelayo) nengxube eno-[SO₂] = 0.100 M, [O₂] = 0.050 M no-[SO₃] = 0.500 M. Q = (0.500)² / ((0.100)² × 0.050) = 500. U-Q mkhulu kuno-K, ngakho i-SO₃ iyabola kuze kube yilapho isilinganiso sehla saba ngu-37.0.

Isibonelo esisebenzile: u-K kusuka ekugxileni okukodwa okulinganisiwe

Ngezinye izikhathi okungaziwa ngu-K uqobo. Ake sithi isitsha siqala no-[SO₂] = 0.400 M no-[O₂] = 0.200 M futhi singenayo i-SO₃, futhi ekulinganeni u-[SO₃] ulinganiswa njengo-0.250 M. La manani akhelwe lesi sihlahlandlela ukukhombisa indlela; akuyona idatha yezincwadi zocwaningo.

I-SO₃ isuke ku-0 yaya ku-0.250 M, ngakho 2x = 0.250 no-x = 0.125 M. Lonke olunye ushintsho lulandela ama-coefficient: i-SO₂ yehla ngo-2x = 0.250 M iye ku-0.150 M, kanti i-O₂ yehla ngo-x = 0.125 M iye ku-0.075 M. Bese Kc = [SO₃]² / ([SO₂]²[O₂]) = (0.250)² / ((0.150)² × 0.075) = 37.0. Ukugxila okukodwa okulinganisiwe kanye ne-stoichiometry kwanele ukunquma kokuthathu.

Isibonelo esisebenzile: lapho isibalo siyi-perfect square

Ku-H₂(g) + I₂(g) ⇌ 2 HI(g), sebenzisa u-Kc = 50.5, inani isigaba 13.4 se-OpenStax Chemistry 2e esilisebenzisela lokhu kusabela ngaphansi kwezimo zesibonelo saso. Qala ngo-[H₂] = [I₂] = 0.500 M ungenayo i-HI. U-Q uyi-zero, ngakho ukusabela kuya phambili. Itafula linikeza amanani okulingana angu-0.500 − x esisabelweni ngasinye no-2x we-HI.

Isisho singu-50.5 = (2x)² / (0.500 − x)². Zombili izinhlangothi ziyi-perfect square, ngakho thatha i-square root esikhundleni sokunweba: 7.106 = 2x / (0.500 − x). Ukuhlela kabusha kunikeza x = 0.500 × 7.106 / (2 + 7.106) = 0.390 M. Ekulinganeni [H₂] = [I₂] = 0.110 M no-[HI] = 0.780 M. Hlola: (0.780)² / (0.110)² = 50.3, okuhambisana no-50.5 ngaphakathi kokuyisa kokugxila.

Indlela emfushane ye-square root isebenza kuphela lapho isisho siyi-perfect square, okudinga amanani okuqala alinganayo ezisabelo ezimbili lapha. Ngamanani angalingani kufanele uxazulule i-quadratic.

Isibonelo esisebenzile: ukuxazulula i-quadratic ephelele

Ku-PCl₅(g) ⇌ PCl₃(g) + Cl₂(g), isigaba 13.4 se-OpenStax sisebenzisa u-Kc = 0.0211. Qala ngo-[PCl₅] = 0.400 M no-[Cl₂] = 0.100 M kodwa ungenayo i-PCl₃. U-Q uyi-zero, ngakho ukusabela kuya phambili. Amanani okulingana angu-0.400 − x, x no-0.100 + x.

Faka: 0.0211 = x(0.100 + x) / (0.400 − x). Phindaphinda bese uqoqa izingxenye ukuze uthole x² + 0.1211x − 0.00844 = 0. Ifomula ye-quadratic inikeza x = 0.0495 noma x = −0.171. I-root engelihle ibizokwenza u-[PCl₃] abe mubi, ngakho yenqabe. Ekulinganeni [PCl₅] = 0.351 M, [PCl₃] = 0.0495 M no-[Cl₂] = 0.150 M. Ukufaka emuva kunikeza u-0.0211, ngakho impendulo iyahambisana.

Qaphela ukuthi i-Cl₂ ebivele ikhona yakubamba ukusabela. Uqala nge-PCl₅ engu-0.400 M yodwa, u-K ofanayo unikeza x = 0.0819 M, ngakho umkhiqizo owengeziwe wanciphisa izinga lokubola, njengoba isimiso sika-Le Chatelier sibikezela.

Lapho u-x emncane: ukulinganisela nokuhlola kwamaphesenti angu-5

Lapho u-K emncane futhi ukugxila kokuqala kungemncane, ukusabela kuhamba kancane kakhulu, futhi u-0.0400 − x ucishe alingane ncamashi no-0.0400. Ukususa u-x kulezo zingxenye kuguqula i-quadratic ibe ukubala kwesinyathelo esisodwa. Ukulinganisela kuyamukelwa lapho u-x engaphansi kwamaphesenti angu-5 okugxila akhishwe kukho.

Isibonelo esisebenzile. Ku-N₂(g) + O₂(g) ⇌ 2 NO(g), isigaba 13.4 se-OpenStax sinikeza u-Kc = 4.1 × 10⁻⁴ ku-2000 °C. Qala ngo-[N₂] = 0.0400 M no-[O₂] = 0.0100 M. Bese 4.1 × 10⁻⁴ = (2x)² / ((0.0400 − x)(0.0100 − x)). Linganisela: 4x² = 4.1 × 10⁻⁴ × 0.0400 × 0.0100, ngakho x = 2.0 × 10⁻⁴ M no-[NO] = 2x = 4.0 × 10⁻⁴ M. Hlola uqhathanise nenani lokuqala elincane: 2.0 × 10⁻⁴ / 0.0100 = amaphesenti angu-2, ngaphansi kwamaphesenti angu-5. I-quadratic eqondile inikeza u-[NO] ofanayo ezinombolweni ezibalulekile ezimbili.

Ukulinganisela kuyehluleka lapho u-K engemncane uma eqhathaniswa nokugxila. Ku-PCl₅ eyodwa ku-0.400 M no-Kc = 0.0211, ukuthatha ukuthi u-x mncane kunikeza x = 0.092 M, okungamaphesenti angu-23 ka-0.400. Impendulo eqondile ingu-0.0819 M, ngakho indlela emfushane ibizophakama cishe ngamaphesenti angu-12. Hlala wenza ukuhlola; ungalokothi ucabange nje.

Izingcindezi ezingxenye nokusabela okuphambene

Itafula le-ICE lisebenza ngendlela efanayo nezingcindezi ezingxenye no-Kp. Ekusabeleni okungenalo ushintsho enanini lama-mole egesi, u-Kp ulingana no-Kc. Lokho kuyiqiniso ekulinganeni kwe-hydrogen iodide, enama-mole amabili egesi ohlangothini ngalunye.

Isibonelo esisebenzile. I-HI ehlanzekile ibekwa esitsheni ku-2.00 atm futhi ivunyelwe ukubola: 2 HI(g) ⇌ H₂(g) + I₂(g). Lokhu kuphambene nokusabela okungenhla, ngakho okungaguquki kwako kungu-1/50.5 = 0.0198. Ushintsho lungu-−2x we-HI no-+x womkhiqizo ngamunye. Bese 0.0198 = x² / (2.00 − 2x)². Uthatha i-square root, 0.1407 = x / (2.00 − 2x), okunikeza x = 0.220 atm. Ekulinganeni P(H₂) = P(I₂) = 0.220 atm no-P(HI) = 1.56 atm.

Amaphutha etafula le-ICE nendlela yokuwabamba

Ukuhlola kokugcina kubamba cishe wonke amaphutha: faka amanani okulingana emuva esishweni sika-K bese uqinisekisa ukuthi uthola u-K ngokunemba kwedatha.

• Ukufaka ama-mole etafuleni lapho isitsha singesona u-1 L. Hlukanisa ngevolumu kuqala.
• Ukusebenzisa u-1 kuyo yonke i-coefficient emugqeni we-Change, isibonelo u-−x esikhundleni sika-−2x we-SO₂.
• Ukukhohlwa ukwenza isikwele noma i-cube yengxenye esishweni sika-K ukuze ihambisane ne-coefficient yayo.
• Ukucabanga ukuthi ukusabela kuya phambili lapho imikhiqizo ikhona ekuqaleni. Bala u-Q.
• Ukugcina i-root eyenza noma yikuphi ukugxila kube kubi noma kube kukhulu kunokungenzeka ngokwe-physics.
• Ukususa u-x ngaphandle kokuhlola ukuthi ungaphansi kwamaphesenti angu-5 enani lokuqala.
• Ukufaka into eqinile ehlanzekile noma uketshezi etafuleni noma esishweni.
• Ukusebenzisa u-K wokusabela okuya phambili lapho inkinga ibhalwe ngokuphambene. Ukuphendula ukusabela kuphendula u-K.